The influence of cyclical ketogenic reduction diet vs. Nutritionally balanced reduction diet on body composition, strength and endurance performance in healthy young males: a randomized controlled trial
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58743/asv2021vol9no2.270Keywords:
body composition, ketogenic diet, strength parameters, endurance, trainingAbstract
(1) Background: The influence of ketogenic diet on physical fitness remains controversial. We performed a randomized controlled trial to compare the effect of cyclical ketogenic reduction diet (CKD) vs nutritionally balanced reduction diet (RD) on body composition, muscle strength and endurance performance. (2) Methods: 25 healthy young males undergoing regular resistance training combined with aerobic training were randomized to CKD (n=13) or RD (n=12). Body composition, muscle strength and spiroergometric parameters were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention. (3) Results: Both CKD and RD decreased body weight, body fat and BMI. Lean body mass and body water decreased in CKD and did not significantly change in RD group. Muscle strength parameters were not affected in CKD while in RD group lat pull-down and leg press values increased. Similarly, endurance performance was not changed in CKD group while in RD group peak workload and peak oxygen uptake increased.(4) Conclusions: Our data show that in healthy young males undergoing resistance and aerobic training comparable weight reduction were achieved by CKD and RD. In RD group, improved muscle strength and endurance performance was noted relative to neutral effect of CKD that also slightly reduced lean body mass.
References
Bailey CP, Hennessy E. (2020). A review of the ketogenic diet for endurance athletes: performance enhancer or placebo effect? Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 17(1):33.
Bazzano LA, Hu T, Reynolds K, et al. (2014). Effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets: a randomized trial. Annals of internal medicine, 161(5):309-318.
Bolla AM, Caretto A, Laurenzi A, Scavini M, (2019). Piemonti L. Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients, 11(5).
Brouns F. (2018). Overweight and diabetes prevention: is a low-carbohydrate-high-fat diet recommendable? European journal of nutrition, 57(4):1301-1312.
Burke LM, Kiens B, Ivy JL. (2004) Carbohydrates and fat for training and recovery. Journal of sports sciences, 22(1):15-30.
Burke LM, Ross ML, Garvican-Lewis LA, et al. (2017). Low carbohydrate, high fat diet impairs exercise economy and negates the performance benefit from intensified training in elite race walkers. The Journal of physiology, 595(9):2785-2807.
Burke LM, Sharma AP, Heikura IA, et al. (2020). Crisis of confidence averted: Impairment of exercise economy and performance in elite race walkers by ketogenic low carbohydrate, high fat (LCHF) diet is reproducible. PLoS One, 15(6):e0234027.
Burke LM. (2015). Re-Examining High-Fat Diets for Sports Performance: Did We Call the 'Nail in the Coffin' Too Soon? Sports medicine, 45 Suppl 1:S33-49.
Egan B, Zierath JR. (2013). Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation. Cell metabolism, 17(2):162-184.
Evans M, Cogan KE, Egan B. (2017). Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: physiological basis for exogenous supplementation. The Journal of physiology, 595(9): 2857-2871.
Gordon D, Schaitel K, Pennefather A, Gernigon M, Keiller D, Barnes R. (2012). The incidence of plateau at VO(2max) is affected by a bout of prior-priming exercise. Clinical physiology and functional imaging, 32(1):39-44.
Greene DA, Varley BJ, Hartwig TB, Chapman P, Rigney M. (2018). A Low-Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet Reduces Body Mass Without Compromising Performance in Powerlifting and Olympic Weightlifting Athletes. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 32(12): 3373-3382.
Harvey KL, Holcomb LE, Kolwicz SC, Jr. (2019). Ketogenic Diets and Exercise Performance. Nutrients, 11(10).
Hawley JA, Brouns F, Jeukendrup A. (1998). Strategies to enhance fat utilisation during exercise. Sports Medicine, 25(4):241-257.
Hawley JA, Burke LM, Phillips SM, Spriet LL. (2011). Nutritional modulation of training-induced skeletal muscle adaptations. Journal of applied physiology (1985), 110(3):834-845.
Heatherly AJ, Killen LG, Smith AF, et al. (2018). Effects of Ad libitum Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Dieting in Middle-Age Male Runners. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 50(3):570-579.
Kaspar MB, Austin K, Huecker M, Sarav M. (2019). Ketogenic Diet: from the Historical Records to Use in Elite Athletes. Current nutrition reports, 8(4):340-346.
Kephart WC, Pledge CD, Roberson PA, et al. (2018). The Three-Month Effects of a Ketogenic Diet on Body Composition, Blood Parameters, and Performance Metrics in CrossFit Trainees: A Pilot Study. Sports (Basel), 6(1).
Ma S, Huang Q, Tominaga T, Liu C, Suzuki K. (2018). An 8-Week Ketogenic Diet Alternated Interleukin-6, Ketolytic and Lipolytic Gene Expression, and Enhanced Exercise Capacity in Mice. Nutrients, 10(11).
McSwiney FT, Doyle L, Plews DJ, Zinn C. (2019). Impact Of Ketogenic Diet On Athletes: Current Insights. Open access journal of sports medicine, 10:171-183.
McSwiney FT, Wardrop B, Hyde PN, Lafountain RA, Volek JS, Doyle L. (2018). Keto-adaptation enhances exercise performance and body composition responses to training in endurance athletes. Metabolism, 81:25-34.
Merra G, Miranda R, Barrucco S, et al. (2016). Very-low-calorie ketogenic diet with aminoacid supplement versus very low restricted-calorie diet for preserving muscle mass during weight loss: a pilot double-blind study. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 20(12): 2613-2621.
Miller SL, Wolfe RR. (1999). Physical exercise as a modulator of adaptation to low and high carbohydrate and low and high fat intakes. European journal of clinical nutrition, 53 Suppl 1:S112-119.
Moreno B, Bellido D, Sajoux I, et al. (2014). Comparison of a very low-calorie-ketogenic diet with a standard low-calorie diet in the treatment of obesity. Endocrine, 47(3):793-805.
Mozaffarian D. (2016). Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review. Circulation. 2016;133(2):187-225.
Noakes TD, Windt J. (2017). Evidence that supports the prescription of low-carbohydrate high-fat diets: a narrative review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(2):133-139.
Perissiou M, Borkoles E, Kobayashi K, Polman R. (2020). The Effect of an 8 Week Prescribed Exercise and Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Obese Individuals: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12(2).
Phinney SD, Bistrian BR, Evans WJ, Gervino E, Blackburn GL. (1983). The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction: preservation of submaximal exercise capability with reduced carbohydrate oxidation. Metabolism, 32(8):769-776.
Phinney SD, Horton ES, Sims EA, Hanson JS, Danforth E, Jr., LaGrange BM. (1980). Capacity for moderate exercise in obese subjects after adaptation to a hypocaloric, ketogenic diet. The Journal of clinical investigation, 66(5):1152-1161.
Pilis K, Pilis A, Stec K, et al. (2018). Three-Year Chronic Consumption of Low-Carbohydrate Diet Impairs Exercise Performance and Has a Small Unfavorable Effect on Lipid Profile in Middle-Aged Men. Nutrients, 10(12).
Pinckaers PJ, Churchward-Venne TA, Bailey D, van Loon LJ. Ketone Bodies and Exercise Performance: The Next Magic Bullet or Merely Hype? Sports Medicine. 2017;47(3):383-391.
Rubini A, Bosco G, Lodi A, et al. (2015). Effects of Twenty Days of the Ketogenic Diet on Metabolic and Respiratory Parameters in Healthy Subjects. Lung, 193(6):939-945.
Vargas S, Romance R, Petro JL, et al. (2018).Efficacy of ketogenic diet on body composition during resistance training in trained men: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1):31.
Webster CC, Swart J, Noakes TD, Smith JA. (2018). A Carbohydrate Ingestion Intervention in an Elite Athlete Who Follows a Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 13(7):957-960.
Westman EC, Feinman RD, Mavropoulos JC, et al. Low-carbohydrate nutrition and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86(2):276-284.
Wilson JM, Lowery RP, Roberts MD, et al. (2017). The Effects of Ketogenic Dieting on Body Composition, Strength, Power, and Hormonal Profiles in Resistance Training Males. Journal of strength and conditioning research.
Yeo WK, Carey AL, Burke L, Spriet LL, Hawley JA. (2011). Fat adaptation in well-trained athletes: effects on cell metabolism. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquée, nutrition et métabolisme, 36(1):12-22.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Pavel Kysel, Zdeněk Vilikus, Martin Haluzík
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors publishing in this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, while the work is also licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows others to share this work acknowledging its author and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the work in the version published in the journal (for example, to publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are allowed and encouraged to share their work online (for example, on their websites) before and during the editorial process of their contribution, as such a practice can lead to productive exchanges of ideas and also earlier and higher citation of the published work (See the Open Access Effect).
